THE QADI, DAEI, QARI,GHAZI , GOVERNOR, WARRIOR, HAFIZ - ARRIFFIN
Saidina Umar Ibn Al Khattab RA elected Abu Musa Al Ashari
RA as a governor. When he went to Basrah as governor of the city, he called the
inhabitants to a meeting and addressed them: "The Amir al-Muminin, Umar RA
has sent me to you to teach you the Book
of your Lord – Al Quran and the Sunnah
of His Prophet and to clean your streets for you."
People were taken aback when they
heard these words. They could easily understand that one of the responsibilities
of a Muslim ruler was to instruct people in their religion. However, that one
of his duties should be to clean streets was something new and surprising to
them.
illustration only: Battle of Tutsar, against the Persian. |
Who was this governor of whom
Rasulullah's grandson, Saidina Hasan bin Ali RA, said: "There was no rider
who came to Basrah who was better for its people than he." His real name
was Abdullah ibn Qays but he was and continues to be known as Abu Musa
al-Ashari RA. He left his native land, Yemen, for Makkah immediately after
hearing that a Rasul had appeared there who was a man of rare insight, who
called people to the worship of Allah SWT and who insisted on the highest standards of
morality.
At Makkah, he stayed in the
company of Rasulullah SAW and gained knowledge and guidance. He returned to his
country to propagate the word of Allah SWT and spread the mission of the noble
Prophet, Muhammad Rasulullah SAW. We have had no further news of him for more than
a decade. Then just after the end of the Khaibar expedition, he came to
Rasulullah SAW in Madinah. His arrival there coincided with that of Jaffar ibn
Abi Talib RA and other Muslims from Abyssinia and Rasulullah SAW welcomed them
all with joy and happiness.
This time Abu Musa RA did not
come alone. He came with more than fifty persons from Yemen all of whom had
accepted Islam. Among them were his two brothers, Abu Ruhm and Abu Burdah. Rasulullah
SAW referred to the whole group as the "Asharis". In fact, he
sometimes referred to all Yemenis as Asharis after Abu Musa al-Ashari. He often
praised the group for their soft and tender-hearted nature and held them up to
the rest of his companions as a high example of good behavior. He once said of
them: "If the Asharis go on an expedition or if they only have a little
food among them, they would gather all they have on one cloth and divide it
equally among themselves. They are thus from me and I am from them."
Abu Musa soon became highly
esteemed in the Muslim community. He had many great qualities. He was a faqih
endowed with intelligence and sound judgment and was ranked as one of the
leading judges in the early Muslim community. People used to say: "The
judges in this ummah are four: Umar, Ali, Abu Musa, and Zayd ibn Thabit."
Abu Musa RA had a natural, uncomplicated disposition. He
was by nature a trusting person and expected people to deal with him on the
basis of trust and sincerity. In the field of jihad, he has endurance and
skill. Rasulullah SAW said of him:
"The master of horsemen is Abu Musa."
Illustration Only: Abu Musa RA Going to war on many fronts. |
"Abu Musa's insight and the
soundness of his judgment did not allow him to be deceived by an enemy in
battle. In battle conditions, he saw situations with complete clarity and
executed his actions with a firm resolve. Abu Musa RA was in command of the
Muslim army traversing the lands of the Sasanian Empire. At Isfahan, the people
came to him and offered to pay the jizyah (in return for military protection)
to make peace and avoid fighting. However. they were not sincere in their offer
and merely wanted an opportunity to mount a treacherous attack on the Muslims.
Abu Musa RA however saw through their real intentions and he remained on the
alert. Thus when the Isfahanis launched their attack, the Muslim leader was not
caught off-guard, He engaged them in battle and before midday of the following
day, he had won a decisive victory.
In the major campaigns against
the powerful Sasanian Empire Abu Musa's role was outstanding. In the great
Battle of Tustar itself, he distinguished himself as a military commander. The
Persian commander, Hormuzan, had withdrawn his numerous forces to the strongly
fortified city of Tustar. The Caliph Saidina Umar RA did not underestimate the strength of
the enemy and he mobilized powerful and numerous forces to confront Hormuzan.
Among the Muslim forces were dedicated veterans like Ammar ibn Yasir, al-Baraa
ibn Malik and his brother Anas, Majra'a al-Bakri, and Salamah ibn Rajaa.
Saidina
Umar RA appointed Abu Musa as commander
of the army.
So well fortified was Tustar that
it was impossible to take it by storm. Several attempts were made to breach the
walls but these proved unsuccessful. There followed a long and difficult siege
which became even more testing and agonizing for the Muslims when, as we saw in
the story of al-Baraa ibn Malik, the Persians began throwing down iron chains
from the walls of the fortress at the ends of which were fastened red-hot iron
hooks. Muslims were caught by these hooks and were pulled up either dead or in
the agony of death.
Abu Musa realized that the
increasingly unbearable impasse could only be broken by a resort to stratagem.
Fortunately, at this time a Persian defected to the Muslim side and Abu Musa RA
induced him to return behind the walls of the fortified city and use whatever
artful means he could to open the city's gates from within. With the Persian, he
sent a special force of hand-picked men. They succeeded well in their task,
opened the gates, and made way for Abu Musa's army. Within hours the Persians
were subdued.
In spite of the fact that Abu
Musa RA was a strong and powerful warrior, he often left the battlefield
transformed into a penitent, weeping person. At such times, he would read the
Quran in a voice that profoundly stirred the souls of all who listened to him.
Concerning his moving and melodious recitation of the Quran Rasulullah SAW had said: "Abu Musa has indeed been given
one of the flutes of the people of David."
Also, Saidina Umar RA, may god be
pleased with him, often summoned Abu Musa and asked him to recite from Al Quran,
saying: "Create in us a yearning for our Allah, O Abu Musa." As a
mark of his dedication to the Quran, Abu Musa RA was one of the few companions
who had prepared a mushaf a written collection of the revelations. Abu Musa RA only
participated in fighting against the armies of Mushrikin, armies that tried to
oppose the religion of Allah SWT and
extinguish the light of faith. When fighting broke out among Muslims, he fled
from such conflict and never look any part in it. Such was his stand in the
conflict that arose between Saidina Ali RA and Muawiyah. It is in relation to this
conflict and in particular his role as an adjudicator that the name of Abu Musa
al-Ashari is most widely known.
The Companion Of Rasulullah SAW |
Briefly, Abu Musa's position
appeared to be that of a 'neutral.' He saw Muslims killing each other and felt
that if the situation were to continue the very future of the Muslim ummah
would be threatened. To start off with a clean slate. the Khalifah of Saidina Ali
RA should give up the position and Muawiyah should relinquish any claim to be
Khalifah and the Muslims should be given a free choice to elect whoever they
wanted as Khalifah.
It was of course true that Saidina
Ali RA held the position of Khalifah
legitimately and that any unlawful revolt could only have as its object the challenging and overturning of
the rule of law. However, developments had gone so far, the dispute had become
so bloody and there seemed to be no end in sight except further bloodshed, that
a new approach to a solution seemed the only hope of avoiding further bloodshed
and continuous civil war.
When Saidina Ali RA
accepted the principle of arbitration, he wanted Abdullah ibn Abbas RA to
represent him. But an influential section of his followers insisted on Abu Musa
RA. Their reason for so doing was that Abu Musa RA had not taken part in the
dispute from its beginning. Instead, he had kept aloof from both parties when he
despaired of bringing about an understanding and reconciliation and putting an
end to the fighting. Therefore, they felt, he was the most suitable person to
be the arbitrator.
Saidina Ali RA had no reason to doubt the devotion of
Abu Musa RA to Islam and his truthfulness and sincerity. But he knew the
shrewdness of the other side and their likely resort to ruses and treachery. He
also knew that Abu Musa RA in spite of his understanding and his knowledge despised
deceit and conspiracies and always wanted to deal with people on the basis of
trust and honesty, not through cunning. Ali, therefore, feared that Abu Musa RA would
be deceived by others and that arbitration would end up with the victory of
guile over honesty and that the situation would end up being more perilous than
it was.
Adjudication nonetheless began
with Abu Musa RA representing the side of Saidina Ali RA and
Amr ibn al-Aas representing the side of Muawiyah. A possible version of their
historic conversation has been recorded in the book "Al-Akhbar
at-Tiwal" by Abu Hanifah Ad-Daynawawi as follows:s a warrior of great
courage
Another story of Abu Musa Al
Ashari RA.
Abu Musa Al Ash ar (died
somewhere between 42 and 52H)
His real name `Is Abdullah, and he
belonged to the Ash`ar tribe of Yeman who migrated to Hejaz after the bursting
of the Ma’arib Dam. People of this tribe were devout fighters in the cause of
Islam and quite considerate of one another. When the verse: was revealed,
Rasulullah SAW told Abu Musa, “These are
people of your tribe.”
فَسَوْفَ
يَأْتِي اللَّهُ بِقَوْمٍ يُحِبُّهُمْ
وَيُحِبُّونَهُ
“Soon Allah will bring out a
people whom He would love and who will love Him” (Al-Ma`idah: 54)
In pre-Islamic times, Abu Musa
frequently traveled for business between Yemen and Makkah where his ally was
Sa`id ibn al-`Aas. His acceptance of Islam was due to these visits and was
inspired by his personal meetings with Rasulullah SAW. He was among the
earliest to embrace Islam, and a migrant to Abyssinia under Rasulullah's
instruction. Saidina Ja`afar ibn abi
Talib RA was the leader of the first group. A few historians do not include him
among the first emigrants probably because although he migrated to Abyssinia, his
family returned to Yemen.
Illustration Only: masjid the center for Muslimin. |
When the group was allowed, they
migrated again from Abyssinia to Madinah. Upon arrival, they learned that
Rasulullah SAW had left for the Khaibar. They marched on to Khaibar, perhaps
eager to participate in the battle. Although the battle was over by the time
they arrived, Rasulullah SAW included
them among the recipients of booty since they had undergone hardships.
Abu Musa RA ranked very high among the
scholars of the Qur’an: both Hafiz as well as Qari.
Abu Musa RA ranked very high
among the scholars of the Qur’an: both Hafiz as well as Qari. He had learned
the Qur’an direct from Rasulullah SAW. Allah had gifted him with a melodious
voice. Rasulullah SAW remarked, “Surely, Abu Qays (Abu Musa) has been gifted
with a melody from the melodies of Da’ud’s family.” On one occasion, Rasulullah
SAW and `Aisha RA was passing by and heard him reciting the Qur’an. He stopped
there and listened attentively
Thereafter, Abu Musa RA fought in
all the battles under the leadership of Rasulullah SAW. He kept himself close
to Rasulullah SAW during the campaigns. Once, he recalled to his son the
suffering they had borne: a shower of rain would make their damp woolen
garments smell like sheep. Recalling another campaign with Rasulullah SAW, he
told his son that six persons had to share one camel by turns. They had
developed foot sores and lost their toenails. They wrapped their feet with
rags which led the campaign to be named Dhat al-Riqa` (rag-covered). However,
after narrating this, Abu Musa al-Ash`ari regretted it because it was as if he had
uncovered one of his good deeds.
During another campaign, led by Abu `Amir
Ash`ari, his uncle received an arrow on his knee. Abu Musa RA chased the pagan
and killed him. He returned and informed his uncle that he had dispatched his
assailant. Then he pulled the arrow out. A lot of fluid drained out of the
wound. His uncle told him to convey his Salam to Rasulullah SAW and request him
to pray for him. After some time, he breathed his last.” Abu Nu`aym records, in
his Hilyah, that once Abu Musa RA was on a campaign by the sea route along with
others. At night, they heard a voice coming from the sea that Allah has bound
Himself that whosoever bore the hardships of a hot summer, while thirsty, shall
have water on the day of unbearable thirst (the Day of Judgment). Accordingly,
Abu Musa RA used to fast during hot
summer days.
At the time of the Tabuk
expedition, Abu Musa RA and his colleagues were in severe financial
constraints; yet they were keen to join. Abu Musa’s colleagues sent him to
Rasulullah SAW with the request to
provide them with mounts. But Rasulullah SAW
said on oath that he would not provide them with any mount. Seeing him
in a state of anger, Abu Musa RA withdrew silently. After a little while, Bilal
came asking him to report to Rasulullah SAW. When he went to him, he asked him
to take six camels with him.
But the more interesting part of the story is that
when Abu Musa RA brought the camels to his colleagues and narrated the
happenings, they were concerned about Rasulullah SAW. Had they led him into
swearing? Had he forgotten that he had sworn not to give any mount? Should he
not be reminded? So, they went back to him to remind him of his vow, (even if
that would have meant taking back the camels). He informed them that if he
declares to do something on oath and then acts in the opposite way, (he does so
in the wider interest and) for the breach, he expiates.
Abu Musa RA recalls that he went
to Rasulullah SAW along with two other
Ash`aris. The two desired to be appointed governors of Yemen. Rasulullah
SAW asked Abu Musa RA to give his
opinion to which he replied that he had no inkling of what the two had in their
minds (when they came with him). Rasulullah SAW declared that posts were not
given to those who desired them. He gave Abu Musa RA the responsibility of the governorship of Yemen. At the same time, he also deputed Mu`dh ibn Jabal RA to divide
the territory between the two. He ordered them to teach people the Qur’an, make
matters easy, spread glad tidings, and not make things difficult for the
people. However, he appointed Mu`adh ibn Jabal RA as the leader of the two. He wrote to the chief of Yemen that the two were learned and pious persons. He accompanied
Rasulullah SAW in 10H on the occasion of
Hajjatu al-Wada`.
Abu Musa RA remained the governor of two provinces of
Yemen and, after Rasulullah’s demise,
carried on with his duties until the call for Jihad made him leave for Syria.
He made a significant contribution to the campaigns in Syria. He left Syria
when he was called by Saidina Umar RA to
assume the office of governor at Basra in which position he remained until
Saidina Umar's RA was demised. Although a difficult province, whose people were
almost always complaining against and getting their governors replaced, Abu Musa
RA held on for six years which speaks of his administrative abilities. Indeed,
he remained in the post for another six years during the time of Saidina Uthman
RA. During this tenure, he imparted teaching of the Qur’an and Sunnah; taught
the people manners and etiquettes; prepared a team of Ulama who converted Basra
into a place that became a highly renowned center of learning. Hasan Basri
remarked: “None brought goodwill and welfare to Basra as much as he did.”
In spite of such a righteous life,
he did not escape accusations leveled by the people of Basra. A man of the Anzah
tribe nursed anger against Abu Musa RA for not including him in the delegation
sent to Madinah with booty. He complained to the Caliph that Abu Musa RA had
retained sixty slaves for himself; has kept two baskets of ration, wears two
rings, has vested too much power with Ziad ibn Sufyan, and that he had rewarded
Hutayyaah (the poet) with a thousand coins. Saidina Umar RA summoned him to Madinah and inquired about the
charges. Abu Musa RA explained that the slaves were taken as Fidyah and hence
distributed among Muslims. Out of the two baskets of ration one was for his own
consumption and the other for other Muslims. About Ziad, he said that he found
him sharp and capable. As for Hutayyah, he paid him to buy his loyalty lest he
should carry propaganda against him.
The efficient manner in which he
administrated the affairs at Basra was evident in his leadership in other
fields as well. It was under his command that crucial battles in Persia were
won. The fort at Tustar was besieged for a long while, but ultimately its
renowned warrior, Hurmuzan, was captured and sent as a prisoner to the Caliphate.
Having lost their strongholds at Qadisiyyah and Mada’in, the Persians sought
refuge in the forts at Isfahan and Ahwaz. Abu Musa RA conquered these forts as
well. After the conquest of Nahawand and Qadisiyyah, Caliph Saidina Umar Al
Khattab RA combined two forces sent for
Persia and Iraq under the command of Abu Musa RA and asked him to march towards
Kirman and Isbahan. He subdued “Qumm” and “Qashan.”
In 29H, Caliph Saidina Uthman RA removed
him from the governorship and appointed a young man of twenty-five. The reason
was the suggestion offered by a few people of Basra to entrust responsibility
to young people so that they could play decisive roles in Jihad activities.
Instead of resenting, Abu Musa RA expressed his complete solidarity by
extending him a warm welcome and praising him before the people of Basra. Abu
Musa RA deemed it proper, in his own interest as well as in the interest of the
newly designated governor, to migrate from Basra to Kufa. At Kufa, he continued
his pursuits – teaching the Qur’an. After a short while, Caliphate Saidina Uthman
RA appointed him as the Governor of the town, which he accepted after some
deliberation.
After Saidina Uthman RA, Saidina Ali RA retained
him as Kufa’s governor. But later, as he refused to side with any of the two
groups supporting `Ali and Mu`awiyya, he had to relinquish the governorship,
which he gladly did. Yet, when the two - `Ali and Mu`awiyya – agreed on
arbitration after the Siffin battle, (see article on Saidina Ali RA for fuller
details), Saidina Ali RA, despite his
difference with Abu Musa RA, accepted him as one of the two arbitrators (the other
being `Amr ibn al-`Aas, a nominee of the Mu`awiyyah group. When asked about the
wisdom of his choice, Ali declared that Abu Musa was well-versed in knowledge.
One account says that during
arbitrary discussions, Abu Musa RA proposed a third name – that of Abdullah Ibn
Umar RA – for the caliphate. But no agreement could be reached. Another account –
through a weak link, not too strong – says that after marshaling their
arguments, the two arbiters agreed to drop the names of both `Ali and Mua`wiyya
as Caliph. Accordingly, Abu Musa RA stood up and said, “In `Amr’s and my
opinion, `Ali and Mu`awiyya are dropped. You may now elect another person.”
After this `Amr rose up and said, “He has dropped his nominees; but I retain my
nominee: Mu`awiyya.” Abu Musa RA left very unhappy.
History reports that Mu`awiyya
had promised on oath to appoint one of his sons as governor of Kufa and another
of Basra and all his personal needs would be taken care of if he accepted to
pledge for him. But Abu Musa RA declined the offer. Yet, following
Rasulullah SAW's instructions not to live a day without pledging to an Amir, even
if a flat-nosed slave, he pledged allegiance to him after Ali.
He ranked very high among the
scholars of the Qur’an: both Hafiz as well as Qari. He had learned the Qur’an
direct from Rasulullah SAW. Allah had gifted him with a melodious voice.
Rasulullah SAW remarked, “Surely, Abu
Qays (Abu Musa) RA has been gifted with a melody from the melodies of Da’ud’s
family.” On one occasion, Rasulullah SAW and `Aisha was passing by and heard
him reciting the Qur’an. They stopped there and listened attentively.
During the Caliphate of Saidina Umar
Al Khattab RA, he asked his
administrators to send him the list of the Huffaz so that he could increase
their stipends. Abu Musa RA informed
that (under him) the number of Huffaz exceeded three hundred. Abu Musa RA devoted
considerable attention to Hadith. Many Companions narrated from him. Those who
cited him include Buraydah ibn al-Haseeb, Abu Umamah al-Bahili, Sayeed ibn
al-Musayyib, Aswad ibn Yazid, Abu Wa’il Shaqeeq ibn Salamah, Zayd ibn Wahab,
Abu `Uthman Nahdi, Abu `Abd al Rahman Nahdi, Marrah Tayyib, Rabi` ibn Harash,
Ibn Mudhrab, etc. Out of a total of 360 narrations from him, 59 are in Bukhari
and Muslim. He used to instruct his students to memorize the Al hadith instead
of writing them down, although he himself had learned how to write after the
Prophet’s demise.
He is counted among six
Companions as renowned jurists: `Umar, `Ali, Ibn Mas’ud, Ubayy, Zayd, and Abu
Musa, who used to deliver judgments. He combined in him knowledge, practice, and Jihad and spent his time and energy either teaching the Qur’an and Hadith or in
rituals and exercising self-restraint, fasting much. He was neither deceived by
the world nor did high offices serve to lead him astray. He strictly did his
Tahajjud and used to spend the major part of his time in Dzikir. Anas ibn Malik
RA narrates that once he was with Abu Musa RA on a journey. When he heard
people’s gossip, he said, “O, Anas! What is it I am witness to? Let us recite
our Lord’s glory.” He asked, “O Anas! What has slowed their journey to?” He
replied, “Carnal desires, and Satan”. Abu Musa RA said, “By Allah, the world
has been made preferable to them and the hereafter delayed. Had they the right
vision they would neither delay nor would they deviate”.
Allah SWT blessed Abu Musa’s
family with sons, grandsons, and great-grandsons who became renowned scholars,
jurists or narrators of Hadith. Among his sons were Abu Burdah, Abu Bakr, Musa, and `Abd al Rahman. Among his grandsons were Sa`eed ibn abi Bardah, Barrad ibn
abi Bardah, and Dhahhak ibn `Abd al Rahman, all of sound repute.
He was of short stature, of medium
build, sporting a thin beard. When he began experiencing the signs of
approaching death, he instructed the members of his family not to make a public announcement of his demise, nor to wail loudly or burn frankincense. He
instructed that he may be buried as fast as possible. He also instructed them
not to build any memorial or tomb.
Significantly, there are two
Prophetic statements that Abu Musa narrated with reference to the Qur’an :
مَثَلُ
الَّذِي يَقْرَأُ الْقُرْآنَ كَالأُتْرُجَّةِ طَعْمُهَا طَيِّبٌ وَرِيحُهَا طَيِّبٌ
وَالَّذِي لا يَقْرَأُ الْقُرْآنَ
كَالتَّمْرَةِ طَعْمُهَا طَيِّبٌ وَلا رِيحَ
لَهَا وَمَثَلُ الْفَاجِرِ الَّذِي يَقْرَأُ الْقُرْآنَ
كَمَثَلِ الرَّيْحَانَةِ رِيحُهَا طَيِّبٌ وَطَعْمُهَا مُرٌّ
وَمَثَلُ الْفَاجِرِ الَّذِي لا يَقْرَأُ
الْقُرْآنَ كَمَثَلِ الْحَنْظَلَةِ طَعْمُهَا مُرٌّ وَلا رِيحَ
لَهَا - بخاري
The example of the (of the believers)
who recites the Qur’an is like citrus (fruit) whose taste is good and smell is
good. But he who does not recite the Qur’an is like a date fruit which tastes
well but has no smell; while the example of a corrupt person who recites the
Qur’an is like sweet basil (a fruit) whose smell is good but whose taste is
bitter; and the example of the corrupt person who does not recite the Qur’an is
like the colocynth-fruit whose taste is bitter and which has no smell.”
مَثَلُ
مَا بَعَثَنِي اللَّهُ بِهِ مِنَ
الْهُدَى وَالْعِلْمِ كَمَثَلِ الْغَيْثِ الْكَثِيرِ أَصَابَ أَرْضًا فَكَانَ
مِنْهَا نَقِيَّةٌ قَبِلَتِ الْمَاءَ فَأَنْبَتَتِ الْكَلأَ وَالْعُشْبَ الْكَثِيرَ وَكَانَتْ مِنْهَا أَجَادِبُ أَمْسَكَتِ
الْمَاءَ فَنَفَعَ اللَّهُ بِهَا النَّاسَ
فَشَرِبُوا وَسَقَوْا وَزَرَعُوا وَأَصَابَتْ مِنْهَا طَائِفَةً أُخْرَى
إِنَّمَا هِيَ قِيعَانٌ لا
تُمْسِكُ مَاءً وَلا تُنْبِتُ
كَلأً فَذَلِكَ مَثَلُ مَنْ فَقُهَ
فِي دِينِ اللَّهِ وَنَفَعَهُ
مَا بَعَثَنِي اللَّهُ بِهِ فَعَلِمَ
وَعَلَّمَ وَمَثَلُ مَنْ لَّمْ يَرْفَعْ
بِذَلِكَ رَأْسًا وَلَمْ يَقْبَلْ
هُدَى اللَّهِ الَّذِي أُرْسِلْتُ
بِهِ قَالَ أَبُو عَبْدِ
اللَّهِ قَالَ إِسْحَاقُ وَكَانَ
مِنْهَا طَائِفَةٌ قَيَّلَتِ الْمَاءَ قَاعٌ يَعْلُوهُ الْمَاءُ
وَالصَّفْصَفُ الْمُسْتَوِي مِنْ الأَرْضِ
“The example of what Allah sent
me with the guidance and knowledge is like a heavy rain that struck a land.
Then, of it, there was a clean portion that accepted the water and threw out
plenty of plants and grass. Then there was a barren land that retained the
water out of which people drank, gave drink (to their land and animals) and
irrigated. It (the rain) also struck another part – a rocky land that neither
holds water nor gives rise to plantations. That (the above two similitudes) is
the example of he who understood Allah’s religion so that what Allah sent me
with knowledge benefited him such that he knew and taught and the example of
he who neither lifted his head nor accepted the guidance that I was sent with.”
The Qadi, Da’i, Qari, and Ghazi
Extra-ordinary
Lives of great men remind us
How sublime we can make our lives
And departing leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time
- Longfellow
‘Deep in the sea’ says a great
Islamic poet, ‘are gems beyond compare. But if you seek safety, stay on the
shore.’ The feat of great men sounds like fables for the unfortunate who would
not stake all for their chosen cause. Abdullah ibn Qays RA is a gem of inestimable value, one of the few
extraordinary gems that gave life to the unique Ummah of Rasulullah SAW.
Better known as Abu Musa al-Ashari RA to history, this great personality
traveled from his native land of Yemen and embraced the exalted religion brought
by Rasulullah SAW. Like all souls yearning for the truth, the mere description
of Rasulullah SAW as a man of rare insight and unblemished character calling
people to the belief and worship of only one Creator, Allah SWT was enough to prompt him to action in search
of the way to Allah.
Abu Musa Al Ashari RA had the
honor of keeping the exalted company of Rasulullah SAW, bathed in his Nur and
the Nur of the Qur’an al-majid, and received knowledge and guidance with
unequaled zeal and enthusiasm. He thereafter returned to his home country to
propagate the word of Allah SWT and
spread the virtues, Nur, and knowledge of Allah’s most beloved servant. For ten
years there was no news of this great sage. He resurfaced again immediately
after the Khaibar expedition to the welcoming hand and heart of the exalted
Rasulullah SAW who received him with great joy and happiness. His return
coincided with the arrival of Ja’afar ibn Abi Talib RA and other great Muslims
from Abyssinia.
His Da’awah effort was extremely
fruitful because this one-man army of Islam had brought so many ‘Yemenites’ to
Iman, obedience, and sincere love for
Allah SWT and His Rasul that he was accompanied by more than fifty
Muslim greats. Prominent among these converts are Abu Ruhm and Abu Burdah RA
who were brothers to Abu Musa RA. Rasulullah SAW happily referred to this group, as the
‘Asharis’. Indeed, all ‘Yemenites’ were addressed as the Asharis due to the deeds of Abdullah ibn Qays RA. The Asharis were famed
and praised for their soft and easygoing nature, as well as their kindness and
generosity. Rasulullah SAW once said
about them:
‘If the Asharis go on an
expedition or if they only have a little food with them, they would gather all
they have on one cloth and divide it equally among themselves. The (the
Asharis) are thus from me and I am from them.’
Abu Musa Al Ashari RA expectedly became a sage of great esteem in
the fledging Ummah. His in-depth
comprehension of the Qur’an al-Karim and its laws was common knowledge. He
became a Faqih endowed with amazing intelligence and sound judgment and was
ranked among the leading Qadis (judges) of the growing Ummah of Rasulullah SAW.
As a matter of fact, it is one of the recorded sayings of the earliest Muslims:
The judges (Qadis) in this Ummah
are four: ‘Umar, ‘Ali, Abu Musa, and Zaid ibn Thabit RA ajmain.
Endowed with pure and absolutely
natural and uncomplicated disposition, Abu Musa RA trusted people and he is trustworthy too.
In the field of jihad, he was a
rock of courage, endurance, and skill. Rasulullah SAW would praise him most profoundly for the
combination of these rare qualities. Indeed, the exalted Prophet e once
declared:
‘The master of horsemen is Abu
Musa.’
The enemies of Islam found this
great man a nut too hard to crack. His penetrating insight and uncommon
soundness of judgment would not allow the tricks of enemies to sail through.
Even in such a tense situation like the battlefront he would study situations
minutely with complete clarity and execute his actions with a firm resolve.
Abu Musa RA was a thorn in the flesh of
the powerful army of the Sasanian Empire. He was surely outstanding. He was the
commander in the great battle of Tutsar where the Angels would acknowledge his
courage and sincerity.
The Persian commander, Hormuzan,
became a mountain that would not give way easily. He withdrew his numerous
forces to the fortified city of Tutsar as one last effort to protect his hold
on the people and to deprive Islam of this vital in-road to millions of souls. The
commander of the faithful, Saidina Umar Faruq
RA mobilized powerful hands to confront
Hormuzan. Gems and veterans like Ammar ibn Yasir RA, al-Baraa ibn Malik RA,
his brother Anas RA, Majra’a al-Bakri RA, and Salama ibn Rajaa RA led the
onslaught against the Persian commander, Horzuman, under the commandership
of Abdullah ibn Qays or better known as
Abu Musa Al Ashari RA.
Tutsar, the Persian fortress was
too strong to be taken by storm. Attempts to break into the fortress were
effectively checked. The Muslims became more restless when the Persians began
throwing iron chains with fastened red-hot hooks from the other end in order to
maim and pull the Muslims up dead or alive. Even in this very tense situation,
Abu Musa Al Ashari RA remained undaunted and his clarity of purpose remained
untainted with anger or vengeance. He later selected a special force of experts
at fortress breaking who eventually succeeded in opening the gates for the
Islamic army. The Persians were subdued in matters of hours.
Abu Musa Al Ashari RA is a hero
whose success would not evoke a sense of pride in him. He submitted everything
to Allah SWT. He always leaves the battlefield in penitence and tears. At such
a time of deep reflection on the Majesty of Allah SWT, he would read the Holy
Qur’an in a voice that would move his listeners to tears. His deep and heart-rendering recitations come is such a beautiful tone that the exalted Rasulullah
SAW said:
‘Abu Musa had been given the
flutes of the people of Prophet Daud.’
Da’i, Qadi, and Qari all at once
Here is a Ghazi that shook the
world
Where is the value in a world
bereft
Of noblest of gems like ibn Qays
There was no rider who came to
Basra who was better to its people than ibn Qays.
Abu Musa Al Ashari RA was a great hero against the Mushrikeen who were enemies of Allah SWT. However, when
fighting broke out among Muslims he returned his sword to the scabbard without
joining any of the parties. He became a neutral personality and an unmatched
adjudicator for which his skill is respected throughout the Islamic world.
The last part of his blessed life
was spent in Makkah Mukaramah near the sacred mosque. He became so attached to
the Qur’an al-Karim, reading it, memorizing it, understanding it, and acting
upon it. His advice regarding the Qur’an is full of wisdom. He said:
Follow the Qur’an and do not desire
that the Qur’an should follow you.
He was absolutely committed to
ibadat night and day. Fasting when the heat was intense was his specialty. He
would fast in the most unbearable condition saying:
"Perhaps the thirst of the midday
heat would prove to be a means of relief for us on the Day of Qiyamah."
Ibn Qays RA was a man of peace who only engages in war
as a means to greater peace and who returned to His Lord with the message of
peace in his blessed tongue. What he loved repeating most when alive was what
he was repeating over and over as his noble soul departed his exalted body;
Allahumma anta salam wa minka
salam …
May Allah SWT increase His
favors eternally and without measure on this great Qadi who has served Islam
in all fields displaying in the best of ways the greatest love for Allah SWT,
His most beloved Rasulullah and the
Ummah chosen by Allah SWT as the best, through the rank of Qur’an al-Karim,
amin.
A library of books becomes
helpless
In detailing the life of our
sages past
Even the Angels would marvel at
the feat
Of the Qadi of the Ummah ibn Qays
RA.
*