THE COMPANION: Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqiرضي الله عنه

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Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqiرضي الله عنه

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه

(Arabic: عرفجة بن هرثمة البارقي)

(also known as Arfajah al-Bariqi) was a companion of Rasulullahﷺ.

He hailed from the clan of Bariq from the Azd branch, inhabiting Southwestern Arabia.

In the frontier area of the Arabic expansion, military forts (Misr, Pl. Arabic: أمصار, amṣār), or Ribat (Arabic: رباط ribāṭ, fortress) were founded. The structure and function of a misr are similar to an ancient Roman Colonia. Like a frontier colony, the fortress served as a base for further conquests. Arabian military forts of the misr type were frequently built in the vicinity of existing older towns. They frequently were of the square format.

Rather than maintaining their original purpose to serve as a military base, many amṣār developed into urbane and administrative centers. In particular, this happened in the case of the Iraqi cities of Kufa and Basra, which became known as "al-miṣrān" ("the [two] forts"), but also with Fustat and Kairouan in North Africa.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was one of the commanders of the eleven corps of an army sent by Caliph Saiyidina Abu Bakar رضي الله عنه to quell rebellion after Rasulullahﷺ demised. Arfajah was one of the first caliphate naval commanders, as Caliph Saiyidina Abu Bakar رضي الله عنه dispatched him with Hudaifa bin Mihsan's رضي الله عنه corps to fight opponents of Islam in Oman as he was entrusted to lead the Azd naval forces from Bahrain to invade Fars Province in order to stop Sassanid coastal incursions. He later served as Governor of Mosul during the reign of Caliph Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattan رضي الله عنه.

An energetic military general, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه contributed to the Muslim conquest of Persia, as he participated in the major battles against the Sassanids such as the Naval conquest of Pars, Battle of the Bridge, Battle of Buwaib, Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, Siege of Ctesiphon (637), Battle of Nahavand, until the Muslim conquest of Khuzestan, where he captured the city of Ahvaz. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه also engaged briefly against the Byzantines during the conquest of Mosul and Tikrit.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه is remembered as a gifted administrator, with building and urbanization expertise. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه played a major part in the founding of the cities of Basra and Haditha. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه architectural achievements include the building of the Mosul Grand Mosque, (later known as the Umayyad Mosque). Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was the first of the Rashidun caliphate who implemented Amsar, an Islamic permanent garrison fortress with Caravanserai.

According to Ibn Hazm, His full Nisba line age was Arfaja b. Harthama b. Abd-al-Uzza b. Zuhayr b. Thailbh b. Amr b. Sa`d b. Thailbh b. Kinanah al-Bariqi, which then claimed that Bariq were descendants of Hud (prophet) (Eber)), with full Nisba: Ibn Uday Ibn Haritha Ibn Amr Mazikiee Ibn Aamr bin Haritha Algtarif bin Imru al-Qais Thailb bin Mazen Ibn Al-Azd Ibn Al-Ghoth Ibn Nabit Ibn Malik bin Zaid Ibn Kahlan Ibn Saba'a ( Sheba ) Ibn Yashjub Ibn Yarab Ibn Qahtan Ibn Hud (prophet) (Eber)).

According to Ahmad Jawdat Pasha who quoted Waqidi, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه grew up in a wealthy family and was known as a gifted orator. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه also has powerful martial prowess as he is said to be skilled in sword fighting and equestrian methods, while also possessing good social skills.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه preserved his position as Companions of Rasulullahﷺ, as he met Rasulullahﷺ in his lifetime. which was attested by Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattan رضي الله عنه., that Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه had met Rasulullahﷺ at least once and professed Islam during the prophet's lifetime. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه even also narrated a Hadith directly from Rasulullahﷺ.

During the era of Rashidun Caliphates.

Ibn al-Kalbi reported, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was the first who built Amsar, which accommodated the settlements of Muslim soldiers in the annexed territories permanently and also set up the public facilities and mosques in the city. Due to instruction from Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattab رضي الله عنه., Arfaja Al-Bariqi set up a garrison (Amsar) in Mosul and was appointed Wali (governor) there, particularly managing the revenue.

The area of Mosul was very sparsely populated after being conquered by the Muslims. After the area was settled and a mosque was erected, Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattab رضي الله عنه. ordered the resettlement of the 4000 settlers to Mosul. The new buildings were constructed from mud bricks, instead of reeds, a material that was popular in the region, and other already populated areas were greatly expanded. At Mosul, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه, at the command of Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattan رضي الله عنه, constructed a fort, a mosque, and a locality for the Jewish population.

He used it as his headquarters for the northern military operations. Utba consolidated his position in Tikrit and later advanced to Bajurmi and Shahrazour where his troops settled there. At Mosul Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه at the command of Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattab رضي الله عنه., constructed a fort, a few churches, a mosque, and a locality for the Jewish population. After a short tenure of his governance, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was instructed by Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattab رضي الله عنه. to march with his 700 Azd soldiers to march towards the location which will be known in the future as Basra while delegating the governance of Mosul to al Harith ibn Hassan. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه and Utbah then founded the Amsar(garrison city) which was named Basra, where the military encampment in the location was gradually supported with other permanent structures and growing into a large settlement.

The Amsar built by Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه has the feature of seven tribal complexes which can fit the 700 garrison troops and built houses of mud bricks, plaster, and mud to replace the camps. As the buildings stands, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه along with Hudhayfah ibn Muhsin and Mujazah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi, started to fill the complex with tribes of Azd, Tamim, and the tribe of Sadus ibn Shayban. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه then designed seven dams of adobe in Basra, two in the settlement of Al-Khuraybah, one in az-Zabuqah, two in Banu Tamim, and the last two in the al-Azd tribe settlement.

Another earliest Amsar built was Kufa which was founded by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas when he was also instructed by Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattan رضي الله عنه to found new headquarters in Iraq for his army, so he moved towards a location that will be known in the future as Kufa. here, he transported and dismantled walls and military structures from al-Mada'in to build the new Amsar. the new Amsar was formally called Jund al-Kufah with features of seven divisions of the complex that outfitted the Muslim soldiers who settled in that area permanently along with their families Sa'd made Kufa his permanent headquarters.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه (also known as Arfajah al-Bariqi) was a companion of Rasulullahﷺ. He hailed from the clan of Bariq from the Azd branch, inhabiting Southwestern Arabia.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was one of the commanders of the eleven corps of the army sent by Caliph Saiyidina Abu Bakar رضي الله عنه to quell the rebellion after Rasulullahﷺ demised. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was one of the first caliphate naval commanders, as Caliph Saiyidina Abu Bakar رضي الله عنه dispatched him with Hudaifa bin Mihsan's corps to fight opponents of Islam in Oman. As he was entrusted to lead the Azd naval forces from Bahrayn to invade Fars Province in order to stop Sassanid coastal incursions. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه later served as Governor of Mosul during the reign of Caliph Umar.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه is remembered as a gifted administrator, with building and urbanization expertise. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه played a major part in the founding of the cities of Basra and Haditha. His architectural achievements include the building of the Mosul Grand Mosque, (later known as the Umayyad Mosque). Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was the first of the Rashidun caliphate who implemented Amsar, an Islamic permanent garrison fortress with Caravanserai.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه also has powerful martial prowess as he is said to be skilled in sword fighting and equestrian methods, while also possessing good social skills.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه preserved his position as Companions of Rasulullahﷺ, as he met Rasulullahﷺ in his lifetime. which was attested by Umar ibn al Khattab, that Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه had met Muhammad at least once and professed Islam during the prophet's lifetime. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه even also narrated a Hadith directly from Rasulullahﷺ.

Ridda Wars

In 633, Caliph Saiyidina Abu Bakar رضي الله عنه dispatched Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه and Hudhayfah al-Bariqi to Mahra following the orders of Caliph Saiyidina Abu Bakar رضي الله عنه, then sent Ikrimah to march and join Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه, As Arfaja had not yet arrived, Ikrimah, instead of waiting for him, tackled the local rebels on his own. At Jairut, Ikrimah met two rebel armies preparing for battle. Here, he persuaded the weaker to embrace Islam and then joined up with them to defeat their opponents, Then the event following was Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه and the caliphate armies continued their march to fight the remnants of Mahranite rebels in violent battles against the Mahranite rebels until they pacified the entire Mahra region.

Having re-established Islam in Mahra, Ikrimah moved his corps to Abyan, where he rested his men and awaited further developments. Until further instruction arrived for Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه and his Azd army to assist the Al Azdi Ruler, Abd Al-Juland, and his brother Jayfar, who ruled the interior of the Oman peninsula and traveled to Madinah in 632 to swear fealty to the Caliph Abu Bakr, who received him with pleasure. The leader of the apostates of Oman was Laqit bin Malik Al-Azdi, known as 'the one with the crown', or Dhu'l Taj.

A natural rival to the Julanda kings, he forced them into retreat before the army from Madinah completed its arduous journey through the Rub Al Khali to reach the Oman peninsula. Meeting up with the Madinan army, the forces of the Julanda were bolstered by tribes from the region who deserted Laqit. Then the Omanite and Azd allied army in turn attacked the Sasanian governor Maskan and defeated Maskan's forces at Damsetjerd in Sohar, killing Maskan. Leaving behind all their silver and gold, the Sasanians evacuated the country.

The allied forces of Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه and Julandi's sibling fought the rebels under Laqit in the final engagement of the Battle of Dibba, where the rebel leader placed his men's families behind their lines in order to encourage them to fight harder. However, the Madinan army prevailed following the arrival of reinforcements, the Beni Abdul Kais and Beni Najia tribes who had formed part of the Caliph's army but who had been delayed during the long journey from Madinah. After the rebellion of Laqit was put down, Hudhayfah ibn Muhsin stayed in the area to consolidate the place, while Ikrimah commences mop-up operations against remnants of rebels left in Mahra, while Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه tasked to escort the spoils of war brought to Caliphate citadel, Madinah.

It is said by Yaqut al-Hamawi, in the aftermath of this conflict Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه found and brought a boy named Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra, a future famous anti-Kharijite general, to Madinah.

Conquest Of Persia

First naval campaign

Qeshm Island that Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه conquered from the coast of Oman.

In the year 12 AH, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه led the first Arab-Islamic naval invasions in history and conquered a large number of islands in the Gulf of Oman. Ahmed Jawdat Pasha, who narrated from the text of Al-Waqidi, pointed out that Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه did not have trouble raising an army and ships which needed to mount this naval invasion without the support of the central caliphate, due to his notable wealth and powerful influence of followers from within his clan.

Ahmed Jawdat further narrated that the background of Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه 's naval expedition from Al-Waqidi's book that Arfajah was filled with an impetuous Jihad spirit And he disregarded the advice of Al-Faruq (Saiyidina Umar Al Khattab رضي الله عنه), boarded the ships and marched for the conquest in the Sea of Oman. However, Jawdat mistook it as he thought this campaign occurred during the Caliphate Saiyidina Umar Al Khattab رضي الله عنه, while in reality, it occurred during the Caliph Saiyidina Abu Bakar رضي الله عنه. Tabari narrated that as caliph Caliph Saiyidina Abu Bakar رضي الله عنه learned Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه acted without his consent, he immediately dismissed Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه.

Campaign under Muthanna

As Khalid ibn al-Walid transferred to the Levant, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه marched to rendezvous with the army under al-Muthanna ibn Haritha, who are now being in charge of Rashidun forces in Iraq, and served under him in the victorious Battle of Namaraq and the Battle of Kaskar. However, the Muthanna and Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه experienced major drawbacks in the Battle of the Bridge, where they suffered heavy losses. responded to this calamity, caliph Umar reacted to send the contingent of the Bajila tribe under the leadership of Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali [ar; id] for reinforcement. although there is some minor quarrel between Jarir and Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه, in the end, they agree to join their forces under Muthanna to fight the Persians.

Then Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه and Muthanna, been replenished by the Bajila host of Jarir, marched toward Buwaib, where they fought the Sassanid again, in the victorious Battle of Buwaib, where they even succeeded slaying the Sassanid general, Mihran, which was also called by Tabari and Ali ibn al-Athir as "day of the tenth" (Yawm al-Ashir), due to the intensity of the battle where each of Muslim soldier managed to kill ten Sassanid soldiers. After the battle, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه marched to Hirah and recapture the city, which has been fallen to the Sassanid before after the Battle of the Bridge.

Later, in the year 12 AH, Bahrain suffered from constant naval raids by Persians. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه, who just conquered the town of Sawad immediately goes to Bahrain to reinforce his superior in Bahrain, al-Ala al Hadrami.

Second naval campaign-Lavan Island

The Muslim conquest of Persia.

At the end of the year 13 AH, Al-Ala ibn Hadrami رضي الله عنه commanded Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه to start sending ships and boats for further maritime expeditions, as they are ordered by caliph Saiyidina Umar ibn Al Khattab رضي الله عنه to detach himself from Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha while they are in Hirah. This time, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه, under al Ala, was attacking the island of Darin (Qatif) [ar] to exterminate the feeling apostate rebels who flee from the mainland of the Arabian peninsula toward that island. the Muslim armies began attacking the capital of Darin and killing the rebels there, pacifying the eastern Arab coasts.

To Know more about The First Navy Fleet In Islam (However Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was not specifically mentioned though he also muted the idea of the Navy and war on the sea) Read Here:

Then, on their own initiative, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه, under instruction from Al Ala ibn Hadrami رضي الله عنه, started to send ships towards the Sassanid coast in Tarout Island. This continued Until Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه reached the port of Borazjan, where according to Ibn Sa'd, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه sunk many Persian navy ships in a battle, Shuaib Al Arna'ut and al-Arqsoussi recorded the words of Al-Dhahabi regarding Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه naval campaign during this occasion: "...Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه sent to the coast of Persia, destroying many(enemy) ships, and conquered the island and build a mosque". It is said by historians these Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه operations on the coast of the Arabian Gulf secured the waterways for the Muslim army and paved the way for the later Muslim conquest of Pars.

Ibn Balkhi wrote that Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه write his progress to al Al Ala ibn Hadrami رضي الله عنه, who in turn informed 'Caliph Saiyidina Umar Al Khattab رضي الله عنه. This satisfied 'Saiyidina Umar Al Khattab رضي الله عنه, who in turn instructed al Al Ala ibn Hadrami رضي الله عنه to further resupply Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه who still continued fighting off the coast, to which Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه responds and continued the naval campaigns on the mainland of Fars... The coastal incursions commenced by Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه spanned from Jazireh-ye Shif to an Island, which was identified by Ahmad ibn Mājid as Lavan Island Then continued until they reached Kharg Island. Poursharianti recorded that this second Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه naval adventure ended with the annexation of Kharg, in the month of Safar, 14 AH.

I have provided you with Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه, and he is a Mujahid and brilliant strategist, so if he comes to you, ask his consultation and keep him near (to you)".

Caliph Saiyidina Umar Al Khattab رضي الله عنه praises Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه in his letter to Utbah ibn Ghazwan.

However, this time Caliph Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattab رضي الله عنه disliked Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه unnecessarily dragged sea adventures, as the naval forces of Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه were originally dispatched to support Utbah ibn Ghazwanرضي الله عنه to conquer Ubulla. Shortly, 'Caliph Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattab رضي الله عنه instructed to dismiss Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه from his command and reassign Al-Ala ibn Hadrami رضي الله عنه as his replacement. Although, Donnes said in his version that Al-Ala ibn Hadrami رضي الله عنه died before he could assume the position. Nevertheless, the caliph then later instructed Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه to bring 700 soldiers from Bahrain to immediately reinforce Utbah who is marching towards Al-Ubulla.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه manage to rendezvous with Utbah later in the location that will become a Basra city, and together they besiege Ubulla until they managed to capture the port city. Abu Mikhnaf reported in Ali Ibn Athir's book, al Kamal, that the conquest of Ubulla by Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه and Utbah were bloodless, as the Sassanid garrison somehow terrified by the besiegers so they gave up fighting and leave Ubulla undefended, allowing Utbah to and Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه to capture it. Then after they take Ubulla and used it as headquarters, Utbah, and Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه commence operations in south-eastern Iraq and captured Maysan Governorate.

Later, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه also witnessed the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah under Saad ibn Abi Waqqas رضي الله عنه. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه marched from Basra to Join Sa'd before the battle, while also bringing 400 to 700 Azd cavalry under him, which he brought earlier in the conquest of Ubulla. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was then placed under the banner of Al Mughira ibn Shu'bahرضي الله عنه, whose company in total was about 1,500-1,800 soldiers. As the Muslims emerged victorious from the hard battle in Qadisiyah, they immediately marched towards the Sassanid capital, which is nicknamed by the Arabs Al-Mada'in. Saad ibn Abi Waqqas رضي الله عنه. led the Muslim army to cross the river and engaged in besieging the capital until Yazdegerd III fled and the capital has fallen to the Muslims. Saad ibn Abi Waqqas رضي الله عنه. and his army, including Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه, stayed for a while in the conquered capital of Sassanid and managed to establish a base there.

First Mosul governance

Later, in the month of Safar in the year 16 A.H., the supreme commander of eastern theater, Saad ibn Abi Waqqas رضي الله عنه, was informed that the people of Mosul had gathered in Tikrit with a man from the Byzantine called Al-Antiqa. Saad then wrote to Umar regarding the issue of the people of Mosul who had gathered in Tikrit with Al-Antiqa. The caliph ordered him to take initiative, then Saad ibn Abi Waqqas رضي الله عنه appointed Abdullah ibn Al-Mu'tam رضي الله عنه as the commander of the operation. Abdullah ibn Al-Mu'tam رضي الله عنه arranged the formation in a manner that he appoint Rabi'i bin Al-Afkal رضي الله عنه as the vanguard, Al-Harith ibn Hassan رضي الله عنه on the right wing, Furat ibn Hayyan رضي الله عنه on the left wing, while Hani ibn Qais رضي الله عنه, and Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه on the cavalry.

The Rashidun cavalry which was led by Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه were the first to arrive in Tikrit, where they faced the Byzantine army allied with Iyad and Taghlib ibn Wa'il tribe. After they finished with Tikrit, Ibn al-Mu'ta'm sent Rabi'i ibn al-Afkal and Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه to subdue Nineveh and Mosul before the news about Byzantine under Antiqa's defeat in Tikrit spread wide. then both Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه and Ibn al Mu'tam رضي الله عنه succeeded to force surrender from both cities and subject both to Jizya tribute.

However, regarding Mosul, there are conflicting reports that Khalifah ibn Khayyat recorded the one who subdue Mosul was instead Iyad ibn Ghanm, governor of Jazira, as Jazira was adjacent to Mosul. The alternative explanation was offered by Baladhuri who gave a reconciliatory explanation that Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was indeed the first conqueror of Mosul, while Mosul rebelled sometime later, and then recaptured for the second time now by Iyad ibn Ghanm. However, Baladhuri admits that his version was narrated through unreliable chains.

Due to instruction from caliph Umar, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله set up a garrison (Amsar) in Mosul and was appointed Wali (governor) there, particularly managing the revenue. The area of Mosul was very sparsely populated when it was conquered by the Muslims. During the reign of 'Caliph Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattab رضي الله عنه, the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later, when the area was settled and a mosque was erected, Umar ordered the resettlement of the 4000 settlers to Mosul. The new buildings were constructed from mud bricks, instead of reeds, a material that was popular in the region, and other already populated areas were greatly expanded. At Mosul, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله, at the command of Umar, constructed a fort, a mosque, and a locality for others. He used it as his headquarters for the northern military operations. Utba consolidated his position in Tikrit and later advanced to Bajurmi and Shahrazour where his troops settled there. At Mosul Arfaja at the command of Umar, constructed a fort, a few churches, a mosque, and a locality for the Jewish population. Until this moment, Ibn Khaldun has remarked on the rivalry between Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله with Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali over the leadership of the Bajila tribe army.

Founding Basra

View of Basra in circa 1695, by Dutch cartographer Isaak de Graaf

After a short tenure of his governance, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله instructed by caliph Umar to march with his 700 Azd soldiers to march towards the location which will be known in the future as Basra while delegating the governance of Mosul to al Harith ibn Hassan. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي اللهand Utbah then founded the Amsar(garrison city) which was named Basra, where the military encampment in the location gradually supported with other permanent structures and growing into a large settlement, as Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله instructed his soldiers to construct seven tribal complexes which can fit the 700 garrison troops. Then Arfajah instructed them to build houses of mud bricks, plaster, and mud to replace the camps. As the buildings stand, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله and other army leaders such as Mujaz'ah ibn Thawr as-Sadusi, and Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله fellow tribesmen, Hudhayfah ibn Muhsin, started to fill the complex with tribes of Azd, Tamim, and the tribe of Sadus ibn Shayban

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي اللهthen designed seven dams of adobe in Basra, two in the settlement of Al-Khuraybah, one in az-Zabuqah, two in Banu Tamim, and the last two in al-Azd tribe settlement.

Assisting al Ala al Hadrami in Fars

In 17 AH, al Ala commenced a naval operation towards Fars without permission from the caliph. However, the three forces sent by al Ala were beaten badly by the Sassanids and stranded overseas as their ships and boats were burned by the Sassanids. Some of the ships managed to arrive in the mainland of Arabia and informed al Ala, who in turn asked for assistance from the caliph. 'Umar responded in the month of Shaban of 17 AH, 'Caliph Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattab رضي الله عنه wrote to Utbah Ibn Ghazwan رضي الله عنه to mobilize the army forces to assist Al-Ala Al-Hadrami رضي الله عنه to the province of Persia and set sail by sea

In response, Utbah Ibn Ghazwan رضي الله عنه sent an army of 12,000 fighters, led by Asim ibn Amr al-Tamimi, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه, Ahnaf ibn Qaisرضي الله عنه, and Abu Sabrah bin Abi Rahmرضي الله عنه. In this rescue operation, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه advised Utbah strategy to send the forces of Abu Sabrah رضي الله عنه alone to the coastal area, in order to bait the Sassanid forces while hiding their main forces beyond the sight of the enemy and even the isolated Muslim forces that they intend to rescue. Then as the Sassanid army saw Abu Sabrah bin Abi Rahmرضي الله عنه. come with only a few soldiers, they immediately gave chase as they thought it is the whole Muslim reinforcement soldiers. At this certain moment, Utbah commence Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه final plan to commit his main forces to flank the unexpected Sassanid force, causing heavy casualties on them and routing them, thus this operation of relieving Al Ala Hadrami رضي الله عنه mariners which have been posed to the danger of being isolated in the Persian soil were succeeded.

Then as Utbah marched his army to return to Basra, he himself died while performing Hajj in 17 AH during the month of Dhu al-Hijjah. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه now acted as the administrator of Basra as Utbah Ibn Ghazwan رضي الله عنه had died.

Conquest of Khuzestan

Khuzestan map of al-Istakhri, Abbasid geographer

After the Muslims landed in Basra in Dhul-Hijjah in the year 16 AH, the Islamic army was subjected to Persian raids led by Hormuzan from the city of Ahvaz which bordered Basra. Before his natural death, Utbah send an army commanded by Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه, Hudhaifah bin Muhsinرضي الله عنه, Mujaza bin Thawr رضي الله عنه, Husayn ibn Al Qa'qa رضي الله عنه, Ashim ibn Amr رضي الله عنه, and Salma ibn Al Qainرضي الله عنه , who lead in 700 soldiers each. These Basra contingents were further reinforced by a garrison of Kufa, governed by Saad ibn Abi Waqqas رضي الله عنه, before the battle against Hormuzan. Before they engage Hormuzan, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه and the Muslim armies march to the vicinity of the area, to subdue several places including Kashkar, to cut off the supply route and reinforcements for the Sassanids in Ahvaz. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه managed to defeat the Hormuzan in this battle and the latter sued for peace.

In 18 AH, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنهbegan the conquest of Khuzestan, and they then marched toward Ramhormoz. Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه marched on with Al-Bara' ibn Malik, Majza' bin Thawr, and reinforcements from Kufah led by Abu Sabrah ibn Abi Rahm, until they rendezvous with the forces from Kufa led by Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin and merged their forces to face Hormuzan. Then they later defeated Hormuzan, who led the Sassanid resistance before in Ahvaz. Hormuzan then flees from Ramhormoz and escapes towards Shushtar, which is then chased by the Muslim armies that ended in the lengthy Siege of Shushtar, which is where Hormuzan was finally taken captive.

After the Siege of Shushtar, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه continued to press deeper into Khuzestan with Abu Musa al-Ash'ari and Al-Nu'man ibn Muqrin capturing Shush until Arfajah arrived in the great Battle of Nahavand, which result sealed the fate of Sassanid forever as more than 100,000 Sassanid soldiers killed in this battle alone.

Second Mosul governance

Grand Mosque of Mosul.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه showed his energy after he was appointed for the second time as governor of Mosul, as he built four new districts of Arab Muslim soldiers and their families in both Mosul, In addition, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه arranged fortifications in frontiers delegated soldiers and men to them to protect the borders of the caliphate territory.

In year 25 AH, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه choose a small village near Nineveh on the eastern bank of Tigris to build a new garrison city, which was later known as the city of Haditha Mosul(new Mosul), that in the future will be simply known as a city of Haditha. These garrison cities under Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه became the main headquarters and supply route for the army that was sent to the Muslim conquest of Armenia and Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan.

Later, in the year 26 AH, as the caliphate under Uthman ibn al-Affan annexed the city of Erbil, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه handled the affair with Kurd inhabitants in the city, by facilitating dialogues with them, started to build Mosque and tasking the Quran to be promoted in the city. While also setting up armed forces in this area to control security and Kharaj revenue.

In the year 29 AH The next wave of Arab Muslim settlers arrived in Iraq under the leadership of Abdallah ibn Amirرضي الله عنه, the governor of Basra at that time. These forces were instructed by Caliph Saiyidina Uthman Ibn Affan رضي الله عنه to initiate the Muslim conquest of Sistan and the Muslim conquest of Khorasan. Thus to assist their conquest, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه sent out settler contingents numbered 4,000 soldiers who came from the tribe of Azd, Kindah, Tayy, and Abdul Qays. Then, as those soldiers returned to Mosul after the conquest, Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه hosted these soldiers in his jurisdiction cities of Mosul and Haditha while sending them to commence routine raids against remaining Sassanid elements while maintaining Ribat military patrols on the borders.

For the rest of Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه tenure in Mosul, Mosul became one of the most important cities in Iraq that were immediately filled by immigrant Arab soldiers, and non-Arab Arameans and Persians, who also poured into the city in large numbers, as the settlements within Arfajah jurisdictions was growing and extended between the borders of Euphrates Region in the north towards Kufa in the south. Thus, it became one of the fastest-growing urban, administrative, and economic centers in the Caliphate.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه ruled Mosul until his death in 34 AH/654 AD

Legacy

Great Mosque (Masjid Jami) of Mosul was designed by Arfajah.

Mahmoud Sheet Khattab [ar] viewed that Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was an underrated hero who only gained small attention in history, despite the fact he was the first Muslim Arab leader who leads the battle on the sea, however, his contribution to Islamic naval history was doubtless, as Mahmoud further remarked that naval warfare before Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was still an uncommon concept for the majority of Arabs. Mahmoud also spots another underrated attention toward Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه for his part in the overall conquest of Persia, where he gained small attention, despite Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه, by any means, has marked huge contributions for it.

Ibn al-Kalbi said that Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was the first who built Amsar, or Islamic fortress garrison with Caravanserai feature, that accommodated the settlements of Muslim soldiers in the annexed territories permanently and also setting up the public facilities and Mosques in said Amsar.

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه also known being the first architect of the great Umayyad mosque of Mosul, which was later further expanded and rebuilt by Marwan ibn Muhammad during the era of Umayyad Caliphate. In the modern era, Nineveh Governorate municipality announced on 18 February 2019 that reconstruction of the mosque was resumed, albeit with damages caused by ISIS, with a 50 million dollar grant from the United Arab Emirates. The completion date was not set.

Moreover, Mahmud Abdul Qadir al-Bamatraf [ar], a Yemeni historian, considers Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه as a pioneer of Arabization and Islamization in Mosul.

Hurqus & Iraqi Kharijites

It is said that Hurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di [ar], more famously known as Dhu Khuwaissirah at-Tamimi, a Tamim tribe chieftain, first-generation Kharijites and veteran of the Battle of Hunayn participated among the Arab settler hosts brought by Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه during Conquest of Khuzestan, Hurqus participation recorded particularly when he was sent by Rashidun army superiors to defeat Hormuzan in 638 at Ahvaz (known as Hormizd-Ardashir in the modern era), and forced the city to pay jizya (poll-tax).

Hurqus were known to protest against Rasulullahﷺ policy during Hunayn, and being prophesied by the latter that he will be revolting against Caliphate later. During the reign of Caliphate Uthman Ibn Affan رضي الله عنه a long time after Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه died, Hurqus was one of the ringleaders from Basra that conspired to assassinate Uthman. During the Caliphate of Ali, Hurqus were among those who fight him in the Battle of Nahrawan. Despite being suppressed by Ali, remnants of Hurqus hosts of Kharijites survived and would later influence the splinter sects of Azariqa, Sufriyyah, and the Najdat radical sects that will plague the entire history of Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad, and Abbasid with endemic rebellions.

Another troublesome Kharijite embryo that also came to Iraq under Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنهwere the ones that hail from the Bajila tribe, Arfajah had many problems in his rule with this tribe, and according to Sayf ibn Umar, Arfajah even needed to place his Azd tribesmen's among the Bajalis settlement to keep them in check, as the Bajalis often quarreled and inciting problems. It has appeared that the Bajilas at first followed Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه from Omani at a certain point during the early phase of the Conquest of Persia. Before Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه abandon them after the conquest of Ubulla and relinquish the leadership of Bajalis to Jarir ibn Abdullah al-Bajali [ar; id] in the instruction of Caliph Saiyidina Umar Ibn Al Khattabرضي الله عنه, who then further instructed the Bajalis to move toward Kufa. From this tribe, Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi has risen in the era of Ali, to form the Ibāḍiyya Wahb sect, which even survived up to the 20th-century modern era in Oman.

The Kharijites sects, believed by most scholars of Islam started by Hurqus, were one of the most radical splinter sects in Islam that does not have qualms to slaughter and seize the wealth of other Muslims whom they view were not adherent enough to Islamic teaching while accusing the incumbent authority with the most extreme form of takfir(ex-communication from Islam). The Kharijites were collectively called Haruriyya/Haruri, as their first open rebellion against the authority in history occurred during their gathering in a village named al-Haruri.

Appraisal

Mahmoud Sheet Khattab, an Iraqi minister, military commander, historian, and writer (1919 - 1998), noted that Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه was a fine example of the rare Arab courage, that even after the devastating defeat in the Battle of Bridge, caliph Umar continues to trust him. Mahmoud also praised Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه as one of the best warriors under Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas during the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah and after the Siege of Ctesiphon, as Mahmoud remarked his strong will and mentality that keeps his work ethic, despite suffered setback once in the Battle of the Bridge, while also praising his innovation of naval warfare among Muslim Arabs.

Caliph Umar praised Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه as a military strategy expert at one time and urged Utbah ibn Ghazwan, the first governor of Basra, to rely on his counsel, and indeed, Utbah is known to depend heavily on Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه skill for the matters of both military and administration during his tenure in Iraq. 20th-century Syrian jurist, Ali Al-Tantawi, in his book praised Arfajah for his decisiveness in crucial moments. While Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani in his biography remarks on the charismatic leadership of Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه as his presence can raise the morale of his soldiers.

Aside from his military skills, Utbah Ibn Ghazwan رضي الله عنه was also praised for his civil administration for his founding of the city of Basra, and his administration of Mosul after the conquest, as President of Mosul University, Sa'id Al-Diwaji remarked: "...(Arfajah) Al-Barqi was a person who has a passion for organization, urbanization, urban planning and persuades the Arabs to reside in conquered lands, especially the one like Mosul..."

Regarding his social intelligence, according to Salama ibn Muslim ibn Ibrāhīm al-ʿAwtabī [ar; it], Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqi رضي الله عنه has a good Physiognomy judgment, as he was the one who recognized the talent of the young Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra, future famous Umayyad leader, despite Abdur Rahman ibn Samura dismissed the boy due to his young age.

See also

Early Caliphate navy

Islamization of Iran

Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

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Sunday

Arfajah ibn Harthama al-Bariqiرضي الله عنه

During the era of Rashidun Caliphates.

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